Modal Auxiliaries

Modal auxiliary

Modal Auxiliary itu kata kerja yang bertugas membantu kata kerja utama. Jadi Modal Auxiliary adalah kata kerja pembantu, dan kata kerja utama itu adalah “majikannya”.

Contoh: I will explain about modal auxiliary. “Will” adalah kata kerja bantu yang bertugas membantu kata kerja utamanya yaitu “Explain”. Karena hanya pembantu, sehingga ketika dihilangkan tidak akan menjadi masalah. Tapi kalau kata kerja utamanya yang dihilangkan, maka kalimat tersebut akan kehilangan makna.

  Contoh dan Fungsi Modal Auxiliary Verbs.

a.       WILL

Fungsi: Berbicara tentang pekerjaan di masa depan,

Contoh: I won’t (will not) be in the office until 11; I’ve got a meeting

Membuat semi formal permintaan,

b.      SHALL

Fungsi: Untuk menawarkan sesuatu,

Contoh: Shall I fetch you another glass of wine? Membuat kalimat saran,

c.       MAY & MIGHT

Fungsi: Menggambarkan pekerjaan yang mungkin terjadi. Bedanya May lebih memungkinkan terjadi (50% chance); sedangkan might lebih meragukan (mungkin hanya 30% chance).

Contoh: She may be back in her office: the lecture finished ten minutes ago.

d.      WOULD

Fungsi: Bentuk past dari will.

Contoh: He said the next meeting would be in a month’s time. Permintaan tolong yang lebih halus dari “will”. Contoh: Would you like another cup of tea?

e.       CAN & COULD

Fungsi:

  Ø  Berbicara tentang kemampuan.

Contoh: Can you speak Mandarin? (present)

She could play the piano when she was five. (past)

  Ø  Membuat permintaan,

Contoh: Can you give me a ring at about 10?

Could you speak up a bit please? (slightly more formal, polite or ‘softer’)

  Ø  Permohonan izin,

Contoh: Can I ask you a question? Could I ask you a personal question? (more formal, polite or indirect)

f.       MUST

Fungsi:

  Ø  Untuk menunjukkan sebuah kewajiban atau keharusan.

Contoh: People must try to be more tolerant of each other.

  Ø  Sugesti/saran/ajakan yang kuat.

Contoh: I think you really must make more of an effort.

g.       SHOULD

Fungsi:

  Ø  Memberi Saran.

Contoh: I think you should go for the Alfa rather than the Audi.

  Ø  Kewajiban, tapi lebih lemah dari “must”.

Contoh: The equipment should be inspected regularly. (Peralatan harus diperiksa secara rutin).

h.      OUGHT TO

Ought to punya makna yang sama dengan should, biasanya dipakai pada kalimat affirmative pada waktu present (saat ini). Contoh: You should/ought to get your hair cut.

Sumber :

http://inggrisonline.com/pengertian-contoh-dan-fungsi-modal-auxiliary-verbs

Affirmative & Negative Agrement, Negation, Commands.

Affirmative and Negative Agreement , Negation , Commands

Affirmative & Negative Agreement :

Affirmative digunakan untuk menunjukkan orang atau melakukan sesuatu hal, kemudian menambahkan lain melakukan hal yang sama. Cukup menggunakan : and – to or and – so Kata so, too, dan also mempunyai arti yang sama yaitu juga, pula, pun. Tapi dalam penggunaannya terdapat perbedaan, so digunakan sebelum tobe(s) dan auxilliaries(kata bantu)

Contoh :

      a)      I am happy, and you are too

      b)      I am happy, and so you are

      c)      My friend will talk to him and so will I

      d)     My friend has talked about it, and so have I

Sedangkan too dan also digunakan setelah tobe(s) dan auxilliaries.

Example:

      a)      My friend will talk to him and I will too

      b)      My friend has talked about it, and I have too

Negative Aggrement :

Neither dan Either memiliki arti yang sama yaitu : tiak keduanya atau keduanya tidak.

Untuk neither igunakan sebelum aux verb, for example :

     a)      My roommate won’t go, and neither will i

     b)      My roommate hasn’t gone, and neither have i

Negation :

Negation adalah bentuk pernyataan negatif. Kita tahu betul bahwa untuk membentuk kalimat negatif ada beberapa cara, namun begitu di bawah ini akan kami jelaskan bentuk-bentuk negation, atau bentuk-bentuk bagaimana membentuk suatu pernyataan negatif.

Dengan Auxiliary Verbs Ingat bahwa apabila kita sudah menggunakan Auxiliary verbs dalam kalimat negative, maka Kata kerja harus kembali ke bentuk semula.

Contoh:

      a)      I didn’t understand what you mean.

      b)      He can’t swim well. He doesn’t come today.

      c)      We haven’t painted the house. She might not come.

Command (Perintah) menambahkan kata “to” sebagai penghubung kalimat melaporkan dengan yang dilaporkan. “not to” dalam perintah negatif.

He told me, “wait for me !”

      a)      He told me to wait for him

      b)      She told me, “don’t cheat anymore !”

      c)      She told me not to cheat anymore.

Sumber :

https://firahdite0110.wordpress.com/2015/04/19/affirmative-negative-agreement-negation-commands/

http://kinihardja.blogspot.co.id/2015/04/affirmative-negative-agreement.html

Verb as Complement

Verb as complement

 

  Ø  Complement

Complement adalah kata atau kelompok kata yang melengkapi makna dari subject, verb, atau object. Dengan demikian, ada tiga macam complement, yaitu: subject, verb, dan object complement.

  Ø  Subject Complement

Subject complement adalah noun, pronoun, adjective, atau konstruksi lain (berperan sebagai noun atau adjective) yang mengikuti verbs of being atau linking verb serta berfungsi menerangkan atau merujuk subjek kalimat.

  Ø  Contoh Kalimat Subject Complement

Keterangan:

subject complement = bold

linking verb = italic

  Ø  With gerunds Verb + Gerunds

Gerund adalah kata kerja yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda sehingga dapat berfungsi sebagai subjek, objek dan pelengkap (complement) dalam kalimat, juga di belakang sebuah preposisi. Bentuk gerund biasanya disebut verb+ing. Mungkin istilah itulah yang biasa kita kenal selama ini mengenai gerund. Singkatnya, Gerund adalah kata benda yang dibentuk dari kata kerja (verb) + ing. Gerund sebagai pelengkap tidak dapat dijadikan subject dalam kalimat pasif (passive voice). Gerund terletak setelah to be: is/am/are, was/were, been/being/be. Contoh :

     a)      My hobby is fishing

     b)      Her hobby is reading novel

     c)      My favorite sport is playing football

  Ø  Verb + Preposition + Gerund

Ada dua kemungkinan jika Gerund digunakan sebagai Object, yakni Object of Preposition (Object Kata Depan) dan Object of Verb (Object Kata Kerja). Beberapa preposisi (preposition) lazim yang sering diikuti oleh Gerund adalah: about, in, for, of, without, from, by, dan to. Untuk preposisi “to”, boleh diikuti Gerund jika fungsinya memang sebagai presposisi, bukan bentuk dari infinitive. Contoh :

     a)      I’m used to sleeping with the window open.

     b)      I’m accustomed to sleeping with the window open.

     c)      I look forward to going home next month

Sumber :

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-contoh-kalimat-subject-verb-complementhttp://delyarr.blogspot.co.id/2015/05/verb-as-complement_11.html 

Pronouns

PRONOUNS

Pronouns In grammar, a pronoun is defined as a word or phrase that may be substituted for a noun or noun phrase, which once replaced, is known as the pronoun’s antecedent. How is this possible? In a nutshell, it’s because pronouns can do everything that nouns can do. A pronoun can act as a subject, direct object, indirect object, object of the preposition, and more.

Dalam tata bahasa , kata ganti didefinisikan sebagai kata atau frase yang dapat menggantikan kata benda atau kata benda frase , yang pernah. Singkatnya itu karena kata ganti dapat melakukan segala sesuatu yang nomina dapat dilakukan. Sebuah kata ganti dapat bertindak sebagai subjek , objek langsung , objek tidak langsung , objek dari preposisi , dan banyak lagi .

Jenis Pronoun dan Contoh Kalimatnya :

Ket:

Subjek: Ketika pronoun menjadi Subjek.

Contoh:

• I read a book > aku membaca sebuah buku.

• You are very beautiful > kamu sangat cantik.

Objek: Ketika pronoun menjadi Objek.

Contoh:

• She loves me > dia mencintai aku.

• I take it > aku mengambilnya.

Possessive: artinya memiliki, misalnya: milik-ku, milik-mu, milik-nya, dsb.

Contoh:

• Is that your book? > apakah itu bukumu (buku punya-mu)?

• Where did you hide my wallet? > dimana kamu menyembunyikan dompetku (dompet milikku)

Reflexive: Berfungsi untuk memberikan penekanan yang jika diterjemahkan menjadi “diri”, sehingga terkadang diterjemahkan dengan dirinya/mu/kita atau sendiri atau bisa juga digabung menjadi seperti “dirinya sendiri”.

Contoh:

• she cooks for herself > Ia memasak untuk dirinya.

• I cooked fried chicken by myself > aku memasak ayam goreng sendiri.

Sumber :

http://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/pronouns-2/ ttp://inggrisonline.com/pengertian-jenis-pronoun-dan-contoh-kalimatnya/ http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/learning/7-12assessments/naplan/teachstrategies/yr2011/images/arti_table_01.jpg 

Subject – Verb Agreement

Subject and Verb Agreement

Subject and verb must agree in number: both must be singular, or both must be plural. Problems occur in the present tense because one must add an -s or -es at the end of the verb when the subjects or the entity performing the action is a singular third person: he, she, it, or words for which these pronouns could substitute.

Here are some examples of subject verb agreement (the subject is bolded and the verb underlined):

Ø  My dog always growls at the postal carrier.

Ø  Basketballs roll across the floor.

Ø  I don’t understand the assignment.

Ø  These clothes are too small for me.

Ø  Peter doesn’t like vegetables.

Singular Indefinite Pronouns

Here are some examples of subject verb agreement with singular indefinite pronouns:

Ø  Each gets a trophy for playing.

Ø  Somebody will pay for this.

Ø  Anybody is more fun than you.

Ø  Something is very wrong here.

Ø  Everybody enjoys a good book.

Ø  Nothing has been determined as of yet.

Plural Indefinite Prounouns

Here are some examples of subject verb agreement with plural indefinite pronouns:

Ø  Both are qualified for the job.

Ø  Many went to the beach and got sunburned.

Ø  Few know what it really takes to get ahead.

Sumber :

http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-subject-verb-agreement.html 

Verb Phrases & Tenses

Verb phrases

A verb phrase contains verbs which can be lexical, auxiliary, or modal. The head is the first verb in the verb phrase.

Example:

"I didn't notice Rowen around tonight," remarked Don, as they began to prepare for bed. "Might have been sulking in his tent," grinned Terry." Here, the verb phrase "might have been sulking" has the form "modal-auxiliary-auxiliary-lexical."

The modal comes first, then the auxiliary or several auxiliaries, and finally the lexical (main) verb.When a verb phrase has a combination of modal and auxiliaries, it is constituted usually in the following order: modal verb >> perfect have >> progressive be >> passive be >> Lexical verb.Whichever verbs are used in the verb phrase, the first verb is conjugated for tense, person and number.

Tenses

A. Simple Present  Tense

Simple Present Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau kegiatan yang berlangsung/terjadi pada waktu sekarang dalam bentuk sederhana, kegiatan atau pekerjaan yang dilakukan berulang-ulang, kebiasaan sehari-hari, peristiwa atau perbuatan yang tidak ada kaitannya dengan waktu, dan untuk mengekspresikan kebenaran umum. Simple Present Tense menggunakan jenis "TO BE 1" and "VERB 1"

Contoh Kalimat Simple Present Tense :

Example :

(+)  I speak English everyday

(-)   I don't speak English

(?)   Do you speak English?

       Answer : Yes I do, or No, I don't

(?)  Why do you speak English everyday?

B.  Simple Past Tense

Simple Past Tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja sederhana untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu kejadian terjadi di masa lampau. Pada simple past tense, waktu kejadian (yesterday, last two days, last year) atau periode waktunya (for two months, for a day, for an hour) dapat disebutkan secara spesifik.

Example :

            (+)  Rina and I went to the Ragunan zoo three months ago.

            (-)   Rina and I didn’t went to the Ragunan zoo three months ago

            (?)  Did Rina and I went to the Ragunan zoo three months ago

C.  Simple Future Tense

Simple future tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu aksi terjadi dimasa depan, secara spontan atau terencana.

Example :

(+)  He will continue his studies in Australia

(-)   He won’t continue his studies in Australia

(?)   Will he continue his studies in Australia?

Sumber :

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-contoh-kalimat-verb-phrase , 

http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/07/verb-phrases.html , 

http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/verbs/verb-phrases , 

Subject, Verb, Complement & Modifier

SUBJECT

Subject complement is a noun , pronoun , adjective , or another construction (acting as a noun or adjective ) following verbs of being or linking verb and serves to explain or refer to the subject of the sentence . Subject complement is divided into three , namely : predicate adjective ( subjects connected with the adjective ) , predicate noun ( subject associated with the noun ) , and predicate pronoun (subject connected with the pronoun) .

For example:

   1.  He is a really nice guy.

   2. “He” is the subject of the sentence, controlling the verb and the complement.

   3.  My dog attacked the burglar.

   4. “My dog” is the subject, controlling the verb and the rest of the sentence.

VERB

Verb ( verb ) is a function word to indicate the action of the subject , showing events or circumstances . Verb is one of the eight parts of speech . English verbs are not always simple shape ( one word ) , but may be the result of a combination of phrases into phrasal verbs with particle ( get in , make-up , read over ) .

For example:  1. Paul rides a bicycle.

                       2. Here, the verb rides certainly denotes an action which Paul performs – the                                            action of riding a bicycle.

                       3. We buy some books to learn English verbs.

COMPLEMENT

A complement is the part of a Sentence that comes after the VERB and is needed to make the sentence complete. The following are the most important types of complement used in English:

A. OBJECT COMPLEMEN

Eg: She sent him the fax. (The setence is completed by telling us what she sent to him.)

B. ADJECTIVAL COMPLEMENT

Eg: They’ll be happy. (The sentence is completed by the Adjective; this could be extended further, they’ll be happy to see us, etc..)

C.  PREPOSITIONAL COMPLEMENT

Eg: They talked about what needed doing.

MODIFIER

Tells the time, place or manner of the action. Very often it’s a prepositional phrase. Prepotional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun.

Note :

1.   John bought a book at the bookstore

(modifier place)

2.      Jill was swimming in the pool yesterday

(modifier of place)(modifier of time)

3.      Mery was driving car in the street

(modifier of place)

Sumber :  https://safiram.wordpress.com/2015/04/15/sentence-patterrn-subject-verb-complement-and-modifier/,  diakses pada tanggal 12-07-2016 pada pukul 19:56 PM